In humans, diets rich in fruit and vegetables appear to modulate gut microbiome composition and bioactivity of faecal water, and possibly inhibit the growth of potentially pathogenic clostridia. Dietary molecular diversity in terms of types and quantities of dietary fibers and (poly)phenols may modulate microbiome diversity, support interconnectivities and cross-feeding between community members, increase microbiome community resistance to stress and resilience upon perturbation, and protect against microbiome dysbiosis or the emergence of pathobionts like Clostridium difficile. Indeed, both nutrients and microbial metabolites (bile acids) appear to regulate pathogenicity of C. difficile, promoting sporulation and toxin production, and ultimately reducing disease risk.

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